Chances are, if you’ve ever written an essay for class, your teacher has left a note on your paper saying “You need to stay on topic.” Staying on topic is a skill that any writer can struggle with. As you’re writing and letting ideas flow, your original idea can easily get lost or mixed in with a bunch of other ideas so it becomes hard for the reader to pick it up.
With longer texts especially, it can be difficult to make sure all our points and ideas hold a balance between being clear and distinguishable and also being connected. In these situations, cohesion and coherence are important. Today we’ll go in depth about what these two concepts are and how to utilize them when writing.
Cohesion vs. Coherence
First, let’s figure out what the difference is between cohesion and coherence. Cohesion describes togetherness or a seamless connection between 2 or more things so that they flow well together. When a DJ transitions from one song to another in a seamless and appealing way, it’s cohesive.
Just like in music, ideas in writing can be cohesive as well. When you’re making multiple points to support your thesis, you want to make sure the ideas flow together; you don’t want it to sound like several different narratives in one text.
Coherence, on the other hand, has more to do with the overall understanding of the text. Is the main idea easy to understand? Can readers make out your supporting points? Does your writing make sense? A coherent text answers yes to all these questions. For example, let’s say I want to talk about my last job as a waitress:
Yikes! The ideas here are all jumbled together and not very coherent. Coherent writing needs points that are not only full, complete thoughts, but that also appear in an order that makes sense. Here’s a better way to write this:
Now, that’s a lot more coherent. The thoughts are all fleshed out and are in an order that makes sense. It’s clear to the reader exactly what all of the main ideas are.
For a paragraph or paper to be fully coherent and cohesive, it’s important to connect points not just from sentence to sentence but to connect points throughout large sections of the text that make the main idea clear and understood by the reader. Let’s look at ways to execute this in our writing.
Repetition
The first way is by using repetition. Repetition is not only a good way for us to learn and retain information; in writing it helps readers, and you the writer, remember what your main idea is about. Here’s a brief example.
Here, the writer uses the repeated use of words like cohesion and writing to let the reader know what the main topic is about. This use of repetition helps the sentences flow from one to the next. Though repetition is useful, we don’t want to sound redundant and use the same words too much; that can make reading the text pretty boring. Using synonyms or pronouns to refer back to main ideas is a great way to keep the text cohesive and still stimulating to read.
Here, we know that the writer is still talking about cohesive writing, but instead of repeating the word cohesive multiple times like before, they use phrases to replace the word that still shows we are talking about the same subject.
Referring back to a previous statement is also a useful tool of cohesion. Here’s an example:
Here, the writer refers back to a previous statement as they reintroduce it later in the text by starting with as mentioned earlier. When making references in your writing, make sure to always reintroduce the old idea first so the reader knows what you’re recalling, then introduce the new idea afterwards to connect the two different ideas together. Doing this helps keep the reader’s mind focused not just on the main idea but about the next point you are about to make.
Transition Words
Transition words are also a useful device to add cohesion to your writing. Words like first or lastly let the reader know you are making points that will be chronological. This helps the reader keep track of your ideas if they were to refer back to those points later. Transition words like in contrast let the reader know that the next point you’ll make will counter the idea previously mentioned. Here’s an example:
In this example, every point the author made segued to the next by using a transition word like first, in addition, and in contrast.
Like I mentioned before, cohesion and coherence tend to go hand in hand in writing. Making a coherent text means incorporating tools of cohesion to create something that can be understood in its entirety. Here is an excerpt from Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have A Dream speech.
In this excerpt, King repeatedly uses the phrase now is the time to connect the beginning of each sentence together. This is called a parallel. In each sentence, Dr. King mentions changes he wants to see in America. He starts the paragraph by talking about the urgency of making change, then ends the paragraph stating clearly that it’s time for justice for all. This is a great example of a text that is both cohesive and coherent.
Review Question
We’ve covered a lot in this video, so let’s do a quick test to see what you remember.
1. Which of the following is not a method for cohesive writing?
- Referral
- Repetition
- Capitalization
- Transition words
That’s all for this review! Thanks for watching, and happy studying!
