{"id":7877,"date":"2013-09-06T23:36:07","date_gmt":"2013-09-06T23:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/?page_id=7877"},"modified":"2026-03-28T10:56:47","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T15:56:47","slug":"christopher-columbus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/christopher-columbus\/","title":{"rendered":"Christopher Columbus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t\t<div id=\"mmDeferVideoEncompass_DZGBLw2Xz7c\" style=\"position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" type=\"image\/jpeg\"> \n\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"eager\" id=\"videoThumbnailImage_DZGBLw2Xz7c\" data-source-videoID=\"DZGBLw2Xz7c\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" alt=\"Christopher Columbus Video\" height=\"464\" width=\"825\" class=\"size-full\" data-matomo-title = \"Christopher Columbus\">\n\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<style>img#videoThumbnailImage_DZGBLw2Xz7c:hover {cursor:pointer;} img#videoThumbnailImage_DZGBLw2Xz7c {background-size:contain;background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/993-christopher-columbus-2.webp\");}<\/style>\n\t\t\t<script defer>\n\t\t\t  jQuery(\"img#videoThumbnailImage_DZGBLw2Xz7c\").click(function() {\n\t\t\t\tlet videoId = jQuery(this).attr(\"data-source-videoID\");\n\t\t\t\tlet helpTag = '<div id=\"mmDeferVideoYTMessage_DZGBLw2Xz7c\" style=\"display: none;position: absolute;top: -24px;width: 100%;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;font-size: small;border-top: 1px solid #fc0;\">Having trouble? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v='+videoId+'\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to watch on YouTube.<\/a><\/span><\/div>';\n\t\t\t\tlet tag = document.createElement(\"iframe\");\n\t\t\t\ttag.id = \"yt\" + videoId;\n\t\t\t\ttag.src = \"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/\" + videoId + \"?autoplay=1&controls=1&wmode=opaque&rel=0&egm=0&iv_load_policy=3&hd=0&enablejsapi=1\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.frameborder = 0;\n\t\t\t\ttag.allow = \"autoplay; fullscreen\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.width = this.width;\n\t\t\t\ttag.height = this.height;\n\t\t\t\ttag.setAttribute(\"data-matomo-title\",\"Christopher Columbus\");\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_DZGBLw2Xz7c\").html(tag);\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_DZGBLw2Xz7c\").prepend(helpTag);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){jQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoYTMessage_DZGBLw2Xz7c\").css(\"display\", \"block\");}, 2000);\n\t\t\t  });\n\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\n<p><script>\nfunction Lhp_Function() {\n  var x = document.getElementById(\"Lhp\");\n  if (x.style.display === \"none\") {\n    x.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    x.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"moc-toc hide-on-desktop hide-on-tablet\">\n<div><button onclick=\"Lhp_Function()\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/toc2.svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"show or hide table of contents\"><\/button><\/p>\n<p>On this page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<nav id=\"Lhp\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Early_Life_of_Columbus\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Early Life of Columbus<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Inspiration_for_Navigation\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Inspiration for Navigation<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Northwest_Passage\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Northwest Passage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#First_Voyage\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">First Voyage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Second_Voyage\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Second Voyage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Third_Voyage\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Third Voyage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Fourth_Voyage\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Fourth Voyage<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Death_and_Legacy_of_Columbus\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Death and Legacy of Columbus<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Review\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Review<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><input id=\"transcript\" type=\"checkbox\" class=\"spoiler_button\" \/><label for=\"transcript\">Transcript<\/label>\n<div class=\"spoiler\" id=\"transcript-spoiler\">\n<p>Through four monumental voyages in the late-15th and early-16th centuries, explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the continents that would become known as the Americas. In so doing, he launched an enormous exchange of cultures in the New World that would result in the founding of the Spanish Empire and eventually settlements by other European powers. But he was a complex man, and his discoveries were made possible by a combination of technology, geopolitics, religion, and capitalism.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Early_Life_of_Columbus\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Early Life of Columbus<\/h2>\n<p>\nBorn in <strong>Genoa<\/strong> in 1451, Columbus ventured to sea starting at an early age. While in his teens, he worked on a merchant ship and was actually attacked by pirates off the coast of <strong>Portugal<\/strong> in 1476. Though the ship sank, Columbus hung onto a piece of driftwood and floated to shore, eventually moving to Lisbon where he studied mathematics, <a class=\"ylist\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/astronomy-video\/\">astronomy<\/a>, cartography, and navigation. <\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Inspiration_for_Navigation\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Inspiration for Navigation<\/h2>\n<p>\nColumbus was captivated by the intellectual fervor initiated by Portugal\u2019s <strong>Prince Henry the Navigator<\/strong>, who had innovated the swift, ocean-worthy caravel ship and set the Portuguese sights on finding new sea routes to access the profitable trade of \u201cIndia,\u201d which then was a term that Europeans used to refer to all of South and East Asia. The Portuguese thought such gains would best be gotten by rounding the southern coast of Africa and heading east, and by 1488, they had reached the Indian Ocean. Columbus disagreed with this approach, believing that a faster, more direct route to the riches of Asia existed across the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It was this scheme that he began hatching to differentiate himself and thereby claim his place among the era\u2019s great explorers.  <\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Northwest_Passage\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Northwest Passage<\/h2>\n<p>\nSteadfast Portuguese interests were against him though, since Lisbon already had a string of trading depots along the African coast. Rejected by Portuguese rulers, Columbus made his case for what he termed a \u201cNorthwest Passage\u201d to rulers in Spain and England. Eventually, he received support from the newly minted monarchs <strong>King Ferdinand<\/strong> and <strong>Queen Isabella<\/strong> of Spain\u2014Portugal\u2019s main rival for an overseas empire. Having signed a contract in which he was promised 10 percent of whatever riches he discovered, along with the noble title &#8220;admiral of the ocean seas&#8221; and governorship of any lands found, Columbus embarked with a crew of 87 men from Palos, Spain on August 3rd, 1492 on three ships: the <em>Ni\u00f1a<\/em>, the <em>Pinta<\/em>, and the <em>Santa Maria<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"First_Voyage\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>First Voyage<\/h2>\n<p>\nUtilizing the dry magnetic compass, the Portuguese caravel ship design, and Portuguese-discovered trade winds in the Atlantic \u2013 all key navigational innovations of the age \u2013 Columbus\u2019s ships were able to travel at a fast clip, covering roughly 150 miles per day. Touching land first in the <strong>Canary Islands<\/strong>, he sailed west and eventually landed on a Bahamian island, probably <strong>San Salvador<\/strong>, on October 12th. Exploring the <strong>Bahamas<\/strong> and continuing on to <strong>Cuba<\/strong> and <strong>Hispaniola<\/strong> (the island containing modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), he scoured these newly discovered islands for the precious metals he had set out to find, to enrich himself and the Spanish crown. Though findings in that area were minimal, he was able to scrape together enough gold to entice his backers in Spain. When he set sail for Europe in January 1493, he left a group of settlers on the island of Hispaniola in a colony named \u201c<em>La Navidad<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the journal of his first voyage, he assessed the native people he had come into contact with as prime candidates for servitude. This high-handedness has earned Columbus criticism, but supporting colonial expansion was the name of the game for explorers in late 15th-century Europe.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1ist-voyage.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"\" height=\"\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-215971\"  role=\"img\" style=\"box-shadow: 1.5px 1.5px 3px gray;\"  \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Second_Voyage\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Second Voyage<\/h2>\n<p>\nDeploying his assessments and his newfound stash of gold effectively, Columbus duly received backing for a return voyage, on a grander scale than that of the first. With 17 ships, more than 1,000 paid staff, roughly 200 private investors, and several friars under his charge, he left <strong>C\u00e1diz<\/strong> in September 1493 at the head of a Spanish colonizing mission. Yet when he returned to the Americas, he found La Navidad, the one colony he had already established, in ruins, along with 11 Spanish corpses \u2013 the work of the <strong>Taino<\/strong> people. Forced into war, Columbus began conscripting hundreds of indigenous people into slavery and tasking his brothers <strong>Bartholomew<\/strong> and <strong>Diego<\/strong> with rebuilding the Spanish presence on Hispaniola. He continued searching for mother lodes of precious metals, but didn\u2019t find them. So, by way of intended compensation, he enslaved 500 natives and sent them to Queen Isabella. She flatly refused the gift, asserting that peoples discovered by Columbus were Spanish subjects who could not be enslaved.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Third_Voyage\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Third Voyage<\/h2>\n<p>\nOn his third voyage in 1498, Columbus veered south, still looking for India but instead finding <strong>Grenada<\/strong>, <strong>Margarita<\/strong>, and <strong>Trinidad and Tobago<\/strong>. His obsession with unearthing gold had by this time become notorious, and as a result the Columbus family got out of control in their governance of American territories. Bartholomew and Diego ruled Hispaniola with violent impunity and eventually had to be replaced. During his term as \u201c<em>Viceroy and Governor of the Indies<\/em>,\u201d Columbus sanctioned massive enslavement of the Taino to further his fanatical quest for gold, and the resulting overwork severely reduced the population of that indigenous people. He regularly sanctioned chopping off the hands of natives who couldn\u2019t find enough gold and didn\u2019t shirk from executing rebellious Spaniards. Madrid eventually got word of complaints from colonists, and a royal commissioner had Columbus arrested in August 1500 and sent to Spain, in shackles, to argue his case before Ferdinand and Isabella.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/third-voyage.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"\" height=\"\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-215971\"  role=\"img\" style=\"box-shadow: 1.5px 1.5px 3px gray;\"  \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Fourth_Voyage\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Fourth Voyage<\/h2>\n<p>\nThough Columbus was a tyrannical governor, his skills as an explorer were unquestionable. This is thought to be the simple reason which probably led the Spanish monarchs to acquit him and equip him for a fourth voyage, which left in 1502. Still tasked with trying to find India, Columbus explored the eastern coast of Central America, encountered several storms, and was stranded on Jamaica until being rescued by an expedition from Hispaniola, eventually returning to Spain in 1504.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4th-voyage.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"\" height=\"\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-215971\"  role=\"img\" style=\"box-shadow: 1.5px 1.5px 3px gray;\"  \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Death_and_Legacy_of_Columbus\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Death and Legacy of Columbus<\/h2>\n<p>\nBelieving throughout that he had discovered unknown lands in the Far East, Columbus died without receiving wealth due to him and stripped of his noble titles. He wasn\u2019t the first European to land in the Americas \u2013 that honor belongs to <strong>Leif Eriksson<\/strong>, a Viking explorer who explored the eastern coast of modern-day Canada around the year 1000. But Columbus\u2019s discoveries marked the beginning of large-scale European emigration to and colonization of <a class=\"ylist\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/north-america-the-land\/\">American lands<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Because of his navigational skills, vivid imagination, rhetorical skills, and even perhaps his fervent religious faith that embraced both <strong>Christianity<\/strong> and <strong>Judaism<\/strong>, he re-discovered the Americas, thereby sparking transatlantic trade between Europeans and Americans that was \u2013 and is \u2013 one of the largest trading relationships in the world. Thanks to Columbus\u2019s discoveries, Europeans would be introduced to cocoa, vanilla, maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco from the Americas. Though Christopher Columbus was a somewhat unpredictable individual with positive and negative qualities, his daring feats of exploration undoubtedly changed the course of history.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><span id=\"Review\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Review<\/h2>\n<p>\nBefore we go, let\u2019s look at a review question:<\/p>\n<p>During Christopher Columbus\u2019s first voyage of exploration in 1492-93, he<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style: upper-alpha;\">\n<li>Became the first European since Leif Eriksson to \u201cdiscover\u201d lands in what would eventually become known as the Americas.<\/li>\n<li>Sailed using the dry magnetic compass, caravel ships, and the trade winds of the Atlantic, allowing his ships to cover roughly 150 miles per day.<\/li>\n<li>Mined gold near modern-day Havana, which he used as a down payment to fund his second voyage of exploration.<\/li>\n<li>Established a Spanish colony called \u201cLa Navidad\u201d on the island of Hispaniola.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px;\"><button class=\"buttontranscript\" onClick=\"toggle('Answer1')\">Show Answer<\/button><\/div>\n<div id=\"Answer1\" style=\"display:none; box-shadow: 1.5px 1.5px 5px grey; background-color:#E0E0E0; padding: 30px; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 60%; margin: auto; text-align: center;\">\n<strong>The correct answers are A, B, and D.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n&nbsp;<br \/>\nThanks for watching, and happy studying!<\/p>\n<ul class=\"citelist\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/oceanmotion.org\/html\/background\/timeline1500.htm\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cOcean Motion : Timeline : 1500 A.D.\u201d n.d. Oceanmotion.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanthinker.com\/blog\/2010\/10\/christopher_columbus_the_good.html\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cChristopher Columbus: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.\u201d 2010. Americanthinker.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/exploration\/christopher-columbus\"target=\"_blank\">History.com Editors. 2009. \u201cChristopher Columbus.\u201d HISTORY. A&#038;E Television Networks<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/the-viking-explorer-who-beat-columbus-to-america\"target=\"_blank\">Klein, Christopher. 2018. \u201cThe Viking Explorer Who Beat Columbus to America.\u201d HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reference.com\/history\/christopher-columbus-arrested-1500-22d5553b8df7ac44\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cWhy Was Christopher Columbus Arrested in 1500? &#8211; Reference.com.\u201d Reference<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Christopher-Columbus\/The-first-voyage\"target=\"_blank\">Valerie I.J. Flint. 2019. \u201cChristopher Columbus &#8211; the First Voyage.\u201d In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Christopher-Columbus\/The-second-and-third-voyages\"target=\"_blank\">Flint, Valerie. 2019. \u201cChristopher Columbus &#8211; the Second and Third Voyages.\u201d In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/first-new-world-voyage-christopher-columbus-2136437\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cWhat Christopher Columbus Discovered on His First New World Voyage.\u201d ThoughtCo. 2019<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_Columbus#Second_voyage\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cChristopher Columbus.\u201d 2023. Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-christopher-columbus\"target=\"_blank\">Klein, Christopher. 2018. \u201c10 Things You May Not Know about Christopher Columbus.\u201d HISTORY<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#Navigation_plans\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cVoyages of Christopher Columbus.\u201d 2022. Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/exploration.marinersmuseum.org\/subject\/christopher-columbus\/\"target=\"_blank\">The Mariners&#8217; Museum and Park. 2017. \u201cChristopher Columbus &#8211; Ages of Exploration.\u201d Marinersmuseum.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columbian_exchange#Crops\"target=\"_blank\">\u201cColumbian Exchange.\u201d 2020. Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"home-buttons\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/history\/\">Return to History Videos<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\nfunction toggle(obj) {\n          var obj=document.getElementById(obj);\n          if (obj.style.display == \"block\") obj.style.display = \"none\";\n          else obj.style.display = \"block\";\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Return to History Videos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":100096,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-7877","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"page_category-history-videos","7":"page_category-video-pages-for-study-course-sidebar-ad","8":"page_type-video","9":"subject_matter-social-studies"},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the continents that would become known as the Americas over four voyages. 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