{"id":32413,"date":"2017-08-16T18:33:42","date_gmt":"2017-08-16T18:33:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/?page_id=32413"},"modified":"2026-04-29T14:55:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T19:55:42","slug":"pediatric-cardiology-cardiac-defects","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/pediatric-cardiology-cardiac-defects\/","title":{"rendered":"Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Defects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t\t<div id=\"mmDeferVideoEncompass_BC3IzuL5c1A\" style=\"position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" type=\"image\/jpeg\"> \n\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"eager\" id=\"videoThumbnailImage_BC3IzuL5c1A\" data-source-videoID=\"BC3IzuL5c1A\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" alt=\"Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Defects Video\" height=\"464\" width=\"825\" class=\"size-full\" data-matomo-title = \"Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Defects\">\n\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<style>img#videoThumbnailImage_BC3IzuL5c1A:hover {cursor:pointer;} img#videoThumbnailImage_BC3IzuL5c1A {background-size:contain;background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/1951-thumb-final-1.webp\");}<\/style>\n\t\t\t<script defer>\n\t\t\t  jQuery(\"img#videoThumbnailImage_BC3IzuL5c1A\").click(function() {\n\t\t\t\tlet videoId = jQuery(this).attr(\"data-source-videoID\");\n\t\t\t\tlet helpTag = '<div id=\"mmDeferVideoYTMessage_BC3IzuL5c1A\" style=\"display: none;position: absolute;top: -24px;width: 100%;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;font-size: small;border-top: 1px solid #fc0;\">Having trouble? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v='+videoId+'\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to watch on YouTube.<\/a><\/span><\/div>';\n\t\t\t\tlet tag = document.createElement(\"iframe\");\n\t\t\t\ttag.id = \"yt\" + videoId;\n\t\t\t\ttag.src = \"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/\" + videoId + \"?autoplay=1&controls=1&wmode=opaque&rel=0&egm=0&iv_load_policy=3&hd=0&enablejsapi=1\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.frameborder = 0;\n\t\t\t\ttag.allow = \"autoplay; fullscreen\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.width = this.width;\n\t\t\t\ttag.height = this.height;\n\t\t\t\ttag.setAttribute(\"data-matomo-title\",\"Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Defects\");\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_BC3IzuL5c1A\").html(tag);\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_BC3IzuL5c1A\").prepend(helpTag);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){jQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoYTMessage_BC3IzuL5c1A\").css(\"display\", \"block\");}, 2000);\n\t\t\t  });\n\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\n<p><script>\nfunction SXA_Function() {\n  var x = document.getElementById(\"SXA\");\n  if (x.style.display === \"none\") {\n    x.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    x.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"moc-toc hide-on-desktop hide-on-tablet\">\n<div><button onclick=\"SXA_Function()\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/toc2.svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"show or hide table of contents\"><\/button><\/p>\n<p>On this page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<nav id=\"SXA\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Congenital_Heart_Defects\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Congenital Heart Defects<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Heart_Failure_in_Children\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Heart Failure in Children<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Heart_Murmurs_and_Arrhythmias\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Heart Murmurs and Arrhythmias<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Cardiomyopathy_in_Children\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Cardiomyopathy in Children<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Patient_Education\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Patient Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><input id=\"transcript\" type=\"checkbox\" class=\"spoiler_button\" \/><label for=\"transcript\">Transcript<\/label>\n<div class=\"spoiler\" id=\"transcript-spoiler\">\n<p>Welcome to this video tutorial on pediatric cardiac conditions!<\/p>\n<p>Cardiac conditions can affect individuals at a very young age. In this video we will look at some common cardiac conditions of childhood.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Congenital_Heart_Defects\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Congenital Heart Defects<\/h2>\n<p>\nA congenital heart defect is when <a class=\"ylist\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/heart-anatomy-and-physiology\/\">the heart<\/a> or blood vessels near the heart don\u2019t develop normally before birth.<\/p>\n<p>There are at least 18 specific types of congenital heart defects, but diagnosis and treatments continue to advance, making it possible to fix most problems.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Common_Types_of_Congenital_Heart_Defects\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Common Types of Congenital Heart Defects<\/h3>\n<p>\nSome common heart defects you may come across include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><strong>Aortic valve stenosis:<\/strong> narrowing or obstruction of the aortic valve, causing the left ventricle to hold trapped blood and build up pressure<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><strong>Pulmonary valve stenosis:<\/strong> the pulmonary valve is narrowed, causing an obstruction to blood flowing from the right ventricle<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><strong>Atrial septal defect (ASD):<\/strong> a hole in the wall separating the atrium<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><strong>Ventricular septal defect (VSD):<\/strong> a hole in the wall separating the ventricles<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\"><strong>Coarctation of the aorta:<\/strong> a narrowing of the aorta, which carries blood to the body. This can cause high blood pressure or heart damage<\/li>\n<li><strong>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA):<\/strong> an unclosed hole in the aorta, which is normal for the fetus, since blood does not need to go to lungs to get oxygenated; however, this hole is supposed to close when the baby is born.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Treatment_and_LongTerm_Care\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Treatment and Long-Term Care<\/h3>\n<p>\nCongenital heart defects can sometimes improve without treatment or may be so small they don\u2019t require treatment. However, most of the time, congenital heart defects are serious and require surgery and\/or medications, such as diuretics or digoxin, which strengthens the contraction of the heart.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, surgery is required to restore circulation back to normal, sometimes requiring multiple surgeries. Most patients require specialized care from a cardiologist throughout their lifetime.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Heart_Failure_in_Children\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Heart Failure in Children<\/h2>\n<p>\nHeart failure simply describes a heart that is not functioning properly. It hasn\u2019t stopped working yet, but it\u2019s not working as well as it should.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Causes_and_Symptoms\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Causes and Symptoms<\/h3>\n<p>\nHeart failure in children is either caused by overcirculation, when blood is mixing inside the heart due to a congenital heart defect, or pump failure, when there is damage to the heart muscle and it no longer contracts normally.<\/p>\n<p>Possible symptoms of heart failure in children include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trouble breathing<\/li>\n<li>Excessive sweating<\/li>\n<li>Poor feeding or growth<\/li>\n<li>Low blood pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many of the causes of heart failure can be repaired or treated with medication, especially as newer techniques and medications become available.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Heart_Murmurs_and_Arrhythmias\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Heart Murmurs and Arrhythmias<\/h2>\n<h3><span id=\"Heart_Murmurs\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Heart Murmurs<\/h3>\n<p>\nHeart murmurs are common in children and are usually innocent or harmless. They often disappear as the child reaches adulthood, but some adults still have them. A heart murmur may also be an indication of a problem.<\/p>\n<p>Murmurs are often caused by defective heart valves. If a valve can\u2019t open or close completely, regurgitation occurs. Murmurs can also be caused by congenital defects as well as fever and anemia.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Arrhythmias\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Arrhythmias<\/h3>\n<p>\nArrhythmias, also called dysrhythmias, can occur at any age and many times they have no symptoms. They can cause the heart rate to be irregular, fast, or slow.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the same arrhythmias that affect adults can also affect children. It is important for the arrhythmia to be properly diagnosed, so it can be properly treated.<\/p>\n<p>The nurse should teach the parent important things to know for a child with an arrhythmia, including CPR, checking the child\u2019s heart rate, knowing how to slow the child\u2019s heart rate, knowing what to avoid, and understanding the child\u2019s medications or pacemaker.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Cardiomyopathy_in_Children\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Cardiomyopathy in Children<\/h2>\n<p>\nCardiomyopathy is relatively rare in children and refers to a diseased state of the heart involving abnormalities of the muscle fibers.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Types_of_Cardiomyopathy\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Types of Cardiomyopathy<\/h3>\n<p>\nThere are four types of cardiomyopathy, including:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 22px\"><strong>Dilated\/Congestive<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is the most common type. The heart muscle dilates, causing abnormal contracting and pumping.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 22px\"><strong>Hypertrophic<\/strong><br \/>\nThe heart muscle is abnormally thick.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 22px\"><strong>Restrictive<\/strong><br \/>\nThe relaxation\/filling phase is very abnormal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Miscellaneous (Rare)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Each type has different clinical features and treatments.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Rheumatic_Heart_Disease_and_Rheumatic_Fever\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Rheumatic Heart Disease and Rheumatic Fever<\/h3>\n<p>\nRheumatic heart disease is a rare condition in which permanent scarring of the heart valves is caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever usually occurs in children ages 5 to 15 that have had an inadequately treated or untreated strep throat infection.<\/p>\n<p>Prevention is the best treatment for rheumatic heart disease. Antibiotics can usually treat a <em>Streptococcus<\/em> bacterial infection (strep throat), which will prevent the acute rheumatic fever from developing. Children that develop rheumatic fever are often given ongoing antibiotic treatments to prevent subsequent inflammation of rheumatic fever and lower the risk of heart damage. If heart valve damage does occur, surgical repair or replacement may be necessary.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Kawasaki_Disease\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Kawasaki Disease<\/h3>\n<p>\nKawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a rare childhood disease that causes inflammation in the walls of blood vessels. It is most common in infants and young children and is characterized by fever, rash, conjunctivitis, swelling of the hands and feet, swollen lymph glands in the neck, and irritation and redness of the mouth, lips, and tongue.<\/p>\n<p>The cause of the disease is unknown, but it may be the result of an infection triggering an autoimmune response. The heart may be affected, causing damage to the coronary arteries and to the heart muscle itself.<\/p>\n<p>Kawasaki disease is treated with aspirin, to reduce fever, rash, joint inflammation, and pain, and to prevent blood clots from forming. Also IV immunoglobulin therapy decreases the risk of developing heart disease.<\/p>\n<p>Reassure parents that there is no known prevention for the disease and there is nothing they could have done to prevent it. The goal in treatment is to make the child as comfortable as possible while the illness runs its course over 10 to 14 days.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Cholesterol_and_High_Blood_Pressure\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Cholesterol and High Blood Pressure<\/h3>\n<p>\nCholesterol and high blood pressure is another heart issue that can affect children of all ages.<\/p>\n<p>Buildup of fats and cholesterol in the arteries begins in childhood and progresses slowly into adulthood, often leading to coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the US. Cholesterol levels and the risk for coronary heart disease are affected by eating patterns and genetics.<\/p>\n<p>Children can also develop high blood pressure. It may be associated to lifestyle-related factors such as obesity, or it may be hereditary. The high blood pressure can also be secondary to certain diseases or some medications. The American Heart Association recommends that all children have yearly blood pressure checks to allow for early detection and intervention.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Patient_Education\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Patient Education<\/h2>\n<p>\nThe nurse should teach parents and children about healthy eating habits, regular aerobic exercise, reducing or avoiding obesity, discouraging cigarette smoking, and treatment of high blood pressure and <a class=\"ylist\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/diabetes-complications\/\">diabetes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Thank you for watching this video tutorial on pediatric cardiac conditions!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"home-buttons\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/patient-care\/\">Return to Patient Care Videos<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Return to Patient Care Videos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":121933,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-32413","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"page_category-obgyn-pediatrics-videos","7":"page_category-patient-care-videos","8":"page_category-physiological-integrity","9":"page_category-video-pages-for-study-course-sidebar-ad","10":"page_type-video","11":"subject_matter-nursing"},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pediatric cardiology patients often have congenital heart defects and must be monitored carefully. 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