{"id":13141,"date":"2014-02-07T17:11:05","date_gmt":"2014-02-07T17:11:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/?page_id=13141"},"modified":"2026-03-26T09:57:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T14:57:51","slug":"lipids","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/lipids\/","title":{"rendered":"Lipids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t\t<div id=\"mmDeferVideoEncompass_Lts7u56GPso\" style=\"position: relative;\">\n\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\n\t\t\t\t<source srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" type=\"image\/jpeg\"> \n\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"eager\" id=\"videoThumbnailImage_Lts7u56GPso\" data-source-videoID=\"Lts7u56GPso\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/circle-play-duotone.png\" alt=\"Lipids Video\" height=\"464\" width=\"825\" class=\"size-full\" data-matomo-title = \"Lipids\">\n\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<style>img#videoThumbnailImage_Lts7u56GPso:hover {cursor:pointer;} img#videoThumbnailImage_Lts7u56GPso {background-size:contain;background-image:url(\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/766-lipids-2.webp\");}<\/style>\n\t\t\t<script defer>\n\t\t\t  jQuery(\"img#videoThumbnailImage_Lts7u56GPso\").click(function() {\n\t\t\t\tlet videoId = jQuery(this).attr(\"data-source-videoID\");\n\t\t\t\tlet helpTag = '<div id=\"mmDeferVideoYTMessage_Lts7u56GPso\" style=\"display: none;position: absolute;top: -24px;width: 100%;text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;font-size: small;border-top: 1px solid #fc0;\">Having trouble? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v='+videoId+'\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to watch on YouTube.<\/a><\/span><\/div>';\n\t\t\t\tlet tag = document.createElement(\"iframe\");\n\t\t\t\ttag.id = \"yt\" + videoId;\n\t\t\t\ttag.src = \"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/\" + videoId + \"?autoplay=1&controls=1&wmode=opaque&rel=0&egm=0&iv_load_policy=3&hd=0&enablejsapi=1\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.frameborder = 0;\n\t\t\t\ttag.allow = \"autoplay; fullscreen\";\n\t\t\t\ttag.width = this.width;\n\t\t\t\ttag.height = this.height;\n\t\t\t\ttag.setAttribute(\"data-matomo-title\",\"Lipids\");\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_Lts7u56GPso\").html(tag);\n\t\t\t\tjQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoEncompass_Lts7u56GPso\").prepend(helpTag);\n\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(function(){jQuery(\"div#mmDeferVideoYTMessage_Lts7u56GPso\").css(\"display\", \"block\");}, 2000);\n\t\t\t  });\n\t\t\t  \n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\n<p><script>\nfunction 1dp_Function() {\n  var x = document.getElementById(\"1dp\");\n  if (x.style.display === \"none\") {\n    x.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    x.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"moc-toc hide-on-desktop hide-on-tablet\">\n<div><button onclick=\"1dp_Function()\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/toc2.svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"show or hide table of contents\"><\/button><\/p>\n<p>On this page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<nav id=\"1dp\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Definition_of_Lipids\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Definition of Lipids<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Fats\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Fats<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Phospholipids\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Phospholipids<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Review\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toc-h2\"><a href=\"#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" class=\"smooth-scroll\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><input id=\"transcript\" type=\"checkbox\" class=\"spoiler_button\" \/><label for=\"transcript\">Transcript<\/label><input id=\"FAQs\" type=\"checkbox\" class=\"spoiler_button\" \/><label for=\"FAQs\">FAQs<\/label>\n<div class=\"spoiler\" id=\"transcript-spoiler\">\n<p>Hi, and welcome to this Mometrix video about lipids! Today, we\u2019re going to define what lipids are, learn about their physical properties, and then take a look at the structure of two important types of lipids. <\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Definition_of_Lipids\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Definition of Lipids<\/h2>\n<p>\nThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry\u2014the scientists that decide on official names and definitions\u2014loosely defines lipids as \u201csubstances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents.\u201d That\u2019s a pretty vague definition. And it has to be, because lipids are a diverse bunch of molecules that include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and certain vitamins. But we can pull a couple of important things out of this definition.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><strong>Lipids are of biological origin.<\/strong> In other words, they are naturally occurring molecules that have significant biological function.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lipids are soluble in nonpolar solvents.<\/strong> This is another way of saying that lipids do not dissolve in water. Since most biology is done in aqueous solutions, that\u2019s pretty rare for biological molecules and is the primary physical property that defines a lipid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Notably, this definition doesn\u2019t include any specific structural characteristics for lipids. So, even though steroids, water-insoluble vitamins, fats, and phospholipids are all considered lipids, they look very different from each other. However, they are each primarily made up of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons).<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"WaterSolubility_of_Hydrocarbons\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Water-Solubility of Hydrocarbons<\/h3>\n<p>\nLet\u2019s take a minute to understand why <strong>hydrocarbons<\/strong> (and thus lipids) are not water-soluble. Hydrocarbons are generally water-insoluble because they are nonpolar molecules. In other words, there aren\u2019t areas of partial positive or negative charge because carbon and hydrogen share the electrons equally in their covalent bonds.  This means hydrocarbons don\u2019t form strong interactions with water and therefore, don\u2019t dissolve in water. For this reason, you\u2019ll often hear hydrocarbons called \u201chydrophobic,\u201d which means &#8220;water-fearing.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have the general definition of lipids, let\u2019s focus on two specific types: fats and phospholipids.  <\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Fats\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Fats<\/h2>\n<p>\nFat is probably the lipid you\u2019re most familiar with.  In fact, the words <em>fat<\/em> and <\/em>lipid<\/em> are often used interchangeably in everyday language. But as we just learned, in biochemistry, fat is actually a subgroup of lipids. Fats are also one of the three macronutrients, along with carbohydrates and proteins. They serve primarily as an energy source in the body, but also provide insulation and protection as well as transportation for water-insoluble vitamins.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Glycerides\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Glycerides<\/h3>\n<p>\nMost fats are glycerides. <strong>Glycerides<\/strong> are a combination of glycerol and fatty acids. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Glycerol<\/strong> is a small organic molecule with three alcohols (OH), and fatty acids are a long hydrocarbon chain (the \u201cfatty\u201d part) attached to a carboxylic acid (the acid part). The carboxylic acid allows the fatty acid to easily link with alcohols to form esters. Because there are three alcohol groups on glycerol, up to three fatty acids can attach to one glycerol molecule, which are called <strong>triglycerides<\/strong>. Most dietary fats we encounter, like butter, olive oil, and animal fat, are triglycerides.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Hydrocarbon_Chains\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Hydrocarbon Chains<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe hydrocarbon chains vary greatly in length, level of saturation, and geometry. In this context, saturation means that the carbon chain has the maximum number of hydrogens (n other words, the carbon is saturated with hydrogen). In an unsaturated fat, some of the hydrogens have been replaced with double bonds. The double bonds can have two different geometries: cis (where the carbon chains are on the same side of the double bond) or trans (where the carbon chains are on the opposite side of the double bond). The structural characteristics of the hydrocarbon tail determine the physical properties of different fats, like why butter is solid at room temperature but olive oil is liquid.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Phospholipids\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Phospholipids<\/h2>\n<p>\nLet\u2019s take a look at one other type of lipid: the <strong>phospholipid<\/strong>. It\u2019s a diglyceride, meaning it\u2019s a glycerol linked to two fatty acids. In the third alcohol position on glycerol, instead of an additional fatty acid, there is a phosphate derivative. This group is highly polarized and interacts very strongly with water.  Thus, the phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (a property called amphiphilic).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-114053 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Phospholipid-diagrams.png\" alt=\"Different graphical representations of a phospholipid\" width=\"653\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Phospholipid-diagrams.png 653w, https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Phospholipid-diagrams-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>To maximize interactions between the phosphate group and water and minimize interactions between the fatty tails and water, phospholipids form bilayers- a double layer of phospholipids with the phosphate heads pointed outwards and the fatty tails pointed inwards. This structure makes up <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/cell-function\/\"><strong>cell<\/strong><\/a> membranes, the wall between cells and the rest of the world, which is a pretty important job! The amphiphilic nature of phospholipids makes them perfectly suited for creating barriers\u2014just another important reminder that function is always connected to the molecular structure. <\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-114059 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/bilayer-sheet.png\" alt=\"Phospholipid bilayer sheet representation\" width=\"653\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/bilayer-sheet.png 653w, https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/bilayer-sheet-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><span id=\"Review\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Review<\/h2>\n<p>\nLet&#8217;s quickly review what we\u2019ve learned. Lipids are biological <a class=\"ylist\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/molecules\/\">molecules<\/a> that are water-insoluble and include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and some vitamins. While there is no specific structure that defines a lipid, they are all primarily hydrocarbon structures. Finally, we wrapped up by looking closely at the structures of fats and phospholipids.  <\/p>\n<p>Thanks for watching this review of lipids. We hope you feel prepped and empowered!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spoiler\" id=\"FAQs-spoiler\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align:center\"><span id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\" class=\"m-toc-anchor\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-list\">\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">What are lipids?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>A lipid is a macromolecule that contains hydrocarbon chains.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">What is the function of lipids?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Lipids have many functions such as storing energy, providing structural support for cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">What are lipids made of?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">Are lipids hydrophobic?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Lipids are hydrophobic and not water-soluble. However, there are some lipids that are amphipathic, such as phospholipids, which have a hydrophobic part and a hydrophililic part. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">Are fatty acids lipids?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Fats are one type of lipid, and therefore fatty acids are lipids.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">Are steroids lipids?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Although steroids structurally look different, they are another class of lipids.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"qa_wrap\">\n<div class=\"q_item text_bold\">\n<h4 class=\"letter\">Q<\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: unset;\">Are lipids polar?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"a_item\">\n<h4 class=\"letter text_bold\">A<\/h4>\n<p>Lipids are hydrophobic and therefore are considered nonpolar.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"home-buttons\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mometrix.com\/academy\/chemistry\/\">Return to Chemistry Videos<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Return to Chemistry Videos<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":99886,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-13141","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"page_category-chemistry-macromolecules-videos","7":"page_category-physiological-integrity","8":"page_type-video","9":"subject_matter-science"},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic macromolecules that include substances like fats, oils, steroids, and more. 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